Study Data · Part 1 · Indicator Deep-Dive Analysis

Outsourcing Type

Indicator ENG:Outsourcing Type · By Phil Hatch · Akholi · October 9, 2026

Indicator Specification

Table 1. Indicator specificationTable
FieldValue
Indicator codeNone, an engagement field
Question as askedOutsourcing Type
Failure categoryNot one of the 100 rated indicators
Place in the surveyNot a survey item
Indicator classEngagement attribute
Indicator typeEngagement attribute, categorical
Response scaleLevels: CXM, ITO, BPO, KPO
Answering base150 engagements
Non-answersNone, the value is recorded for every engagement
Written responses coded to the indicator1 response from 1 respondent on 1 engagement (0 primary, 1 secondary)

Summary of Findings

Table 2. Key results: association of the indicator with the four study measuresTable
MeasureEffect sizenValuep
Cancellation rateOmega squared, 0 or 1 flag150 engagements−0.0200.994
Customer satisfactionOmega squared94 engagements−0.0040.510
Engagement indicator meanOmega squared150 engagements−0.0030.444
Intent to leaveOmega squared150 engagements−0.0110.703

The engagements split across the four outsourcing types, from CXM (42 of 150 engagements, 28.00%) to KPO (31 of 150 engagements, 20.67%). Cancellation was close across types, from CXM (35.71% canceled, n = 42 engagements) to KPO (38.71% canceled, n = 31 engagements), with no difference under test (chi-square 0.08, p 0.994, Cramer’s V 0.02, n = 150 engagements). Customer satisfaction on active engagements was highest for BPO (mean 66.3, n = 23 engagements) and lowest for KPO (mean 60.6, n = 19 engagements), with no difference under test (Welch F 0.78, p 0.510, omega squared −0.004, n = 94 engagements). The engagement indicator mean ranged from CXM at the high end (mean 4.2, n = 42 engagements) to BPO at the low end (mean 3.7, n = 37 engagements), with no difference under test (Welch F 0.90, p 0.444, omega squared −0.003, n = 150 engagements). Intent to leave ranged from CXM at the low end (mean 6.5, n = 42 engagements) to ITO at the high end (mean 7.1, n = 40 engagements), with no difference under test (Welch F 0.47, p 0.703, omega squared −0.011, n = 150 engagements). The outsourcing type mix differed after Holm control by process family (chi-square 121.20, Holm p < 0.001, Cramer’s V 0.57).

One written response was coded to the indicator, from 1 of 850 respondents on 1 of 150 engagements. The single scored response was negative, with a score of −5. It was a secondary response.

Distribution of Recorded Values

Table 3. Distribution of recorded valuesTable
AnswerEngagementsShare of answered (base 150)Cumulative shareEngagements with at least oneShare of 150 engagementsDistressed
CXM4228.00%28.00%Not applicable, engagement levelNot applicable, engagement levelNot applicable
ITO4026.67%54.67%Not applicable, engagement levelNot applicable, engagement levelNot applicable
BPO3724.67%79.33%Not applicable, engagement levelNot applicable, engagement levelNot applicable
KPO3120.67%100.00%Not applicable, engagement levelNot applicable, engagement levelNot applicable
Answered, total150100.00%Not applicable, engagement levelNot applicable, engagement level

The value was recorded once per engagement, so every share counts out of 150 engagements.

Distressed is not applicable, because the answer has no good or bad end on a scale.

Coverage and Origin of Written Responses

Figure 1. Written responses coded to the indicator, by the question answered and by written score (n = 1 response)Exhibit
000111C135 (secondary)Written responses−10 Strongly negative−5 Negative0 Neutral+5 Positive+10 Strongly positive
Note: The indicator is an engagement field with no survey section of its own. Every written response coded to it therefore answered a question in a survey section and was counted as a secondary response, coded to the indicator because its content addressed it. Segments run from −10, strongly negative, in full amber at the left to +10, strongly positive, in the darkest gray at the right. Segments of 3 or more responses are labeled with their count where the drawn segment can hold the label. C135 asked: “Add any comments on your employer that the ratings in this section do not capture.”
Table 4. Written responses by originTable
OriginResponsesRespondentsEngagementsNegativeStrongest negative (−10)PositiveMean written score
Primary000a
Secondary1111 of 10 of 10 of 1‡
All responses1111 of 10 of 10 of 1‡
Note: ‡ Base under 10. No statistic is reported. a No scored responses.

The single response coded to the indicator was a secondary response. The response was written in answer to C135.

Distribution of Written Sentiment

Figure 2. Distribution of written sentiment (n = 1 scored response)Exhibit
0 of 1−10 Stronglynegative1 of 1−5 Negative0 of 10 Neutral0 of 1+5 Positive0 of 1+10 Stronglypositive
Note: Column height is the count of scored responses. With fewer than 10 scored responses, labels give counts only.

The indicator has no good or bad end. Under the coding rulebook’s rule for such indicators, the written score records the effect each response states on the engagement or on the respondent. The engagement field is “ENG:Outsourcing Type.” The frequency, scope and consequence a response states set the strength of its score. A score of +10 marks a response that describes “this attribute of the engagement as helping the engagement at its best.” A score of −10 marks a response that describes “this attribute as harming the engagement at its worst . . . .”

The distribution was reported as counts only, because fewer than 10 responses carried a score. The single scored response carried a score of −5.

Descriptive Statistics by Segment

Table 5. Descriptive statistics by segmentTable
SegmentBaseAnsweredAnswer rateEngagementsCXM, shareITO, shareBPO, shareKPO, share
Study set150150100.00% of 15015028.00%26.67%24.67%20.67%
Outsourcing model
CXMIdentity, the segment is this indicator
ITOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
BPOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
KPOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
Institution type
Asset management2424100.00% of 242425.00%25.00%25.00%25.00%
Wealth management and private banking2323100.00% of 232330.43%26.09%26.09%17.39%
Investment banking (advisory and capital-markets origination)1919100.00% of 191921.05%31.58%21.05%26.32%
Insurance (life, property and casualty, health)1414100.00% of 141428.57%28.57%21.43%21.43%
Commercial and business banking1313100.00% of 131330.77%23.08%23.08%23.08%
Payments and merchant acquiring (networks, acquiring, processing)1313100.00% of 131330.77%30.77%23.08%15.38%
Credit card and payments issuing1212100.00% of 121233.33%25.00%25.00%16.67%
Retail and consumer banking1212100.00% of 121233.33%25.00%25.00%16.67%
Markets and trading (sales and trading, global markets)1111100.00% of 111127.27%27.27%27.27%18.18%
Private equity and private capital999 of 992232
Process family
Corporate and back-office functions4747100.00% of 474742.55%0.00%27.66%29.79%
Technology engineering and operations3535100.00% of 353511.43%88.57%0.00%0.00%
Client servicing and communications1616100.00% of 161668.75%18.75%6.25%6.25%
Trade, settlement and reconciliation1515100.00% of 15150.00%6.67%73.33%20.00%
Payments, cards and disputes1212100.00% of 121233.33%16.67%50.00%0.00%
Credit, underwriting and suitability999 of 991026
Regulatory, audit, tax and legal999 of 991206
Financial crime and client onboarding777 of 771141
Class of work
LOB Operational7676100.00% of 767625.00%19.74%31.58%23.68%
Corporate Functional7474100.00% of 747431.08%33.78%17.57%17.57%
Engagement status and lifecycle stage
Active, Build-Out3131100.00% of 313132.26%25.81%19.35%22.58%
Active, Transition/Cut-Over4343100.00% of 434327.91%27.91%25.58%18.60%
Active, Production2020100.00% of 202025.00%25.00%30.00%20.00%
Canceled5656100.00% of 565626.79%26.79%25.00%21.43%

Shares are of the answered engagements in each row, which is the base beside them. A row under 10 prints counts in place of shares.

Tests of Difference Between Segments

Table 6. Tests of difference between segmentsTable
Segment familyUnitChi-squaredfpHolm pCramer’s VTest for pLevels left out
Outsourcing modelIdentity, the segment is this indicator
Institution typeEngagement2.43241.0001.0000.08Monte Carlo, simulateda
Process familyEngagement121.2012< 0.001< 0.0010.57Monte Carlo, simulatedb
Class of workEngagement6.9330.0740.2220.21chi-squareNone
Engagement status and lifecycle stageEngagement1.1190.9991.0000.05Monte Carlo, simulatedNone
Note: a Private equity and private capital, n = 9. b Credit, underwriting and suitability, n = 9, Regulatory, audit, tax and legal, n = 9, Financial crime and client onboarding, n = 7.

Engagement families were tested on engagement answers, and respondent role and vendor type were tested on respondents. Process family differed in the answer mix after Holm control (chi-square 121.20, Holm p < 0.001, Cramer’s V 0.57). No difference held after Holm control for institution type, class of work and engagement status and lifecycle stage.

Association with Cancellation Rate

The share of engagements canceled on the study date, measured at engagement level (base 150 engagements, 56 canceled). The association is a descriptive contrast, inflated because canceled engagements were rated after cancellation, and is not predictive.

The measure by the engagement’s recorded answer.

Table 7. Association with cancellation rate by answer levelTable
Answer levelEngagementsCanceledCancellation rate
CXM421535.71%
ITO401537.50%
BPO371437.84%
KPO311238.71%

The test across answer levels, in the study set and inside each segment. Levels under 10 engagements were left out of each test.

Table 8. Association with cancellation rate, tests across answer levels by segmentTable
SegmentEngagementsChi-squaredfpHolm pCramer’s VTest for p
Study set1500.0830.9941.0000.02chi-square
Outsourcing model
CXMIdentity, the segment is this indicator
ITOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
BPOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
KPOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
Institution type
Asset managementFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Wealth management and private bankingFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Investment banking (advisory and capital-markets origination)Fewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Insurance (life, property and casualty, health)Fewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Commercial and business bankingFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Payments and merchant acquiring (networks, acquiring, processing)Fewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Credit card and payments issuingFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Retail and consumer bankingFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Markets and trading (sales and trading, global markets)Fewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Private equity and private capital9‡
Process family
Corporate and back-office functions470.0620.9721.0000.03chi-square
Technology engineering and operationsFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Client servicing and communicationsFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Trade, settlement and reconciliationFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Payments, cards and disputesFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Credit, underwriting and suitability9‡
Regulatory, audit, tax and legal9‡
Financial crime and client onboarding7‡
Class of work
LOB Operational761.7430.6271.0000.15chi-square
Corporate Functional740.8530.8741.0000.11Monte Carlo, simulated
Engagement status and lifecycle stage
Active, Build-OutNot computable, no variation in cancellation
Active, Transition/Cut-OverNot computable, no variation in cancellation
Active, ProductionNot computable, no variation in cancellation
CanceledNot computable, no variation in cancellation
Note: ‡ Base under 10. No statistic is reported.

Cancellation in the study set did not differ across answer levels (chi-square 0.08, p 0.994, n = 150 engagements).

Association with Customer Satisfaction

The satisfaction score recorded against each engagement on a 100-point scale. The primary estimate uses the 94 active engagements. A descriptive contrast uses all 150 engagements.

The measure by the engagement’s recorded answer.

Table 9. Association with customer satisfaction by answer levelTable
Answer levelEngagementsMean of the measureSD
CXM2764.412.9
ITO2564.410.2
BPO2366.310.5
KPO1960.612.9

The test across answer levels, in the study set and inside each segment. Levels under 10 engagements were left out of each test.

Table 10. Association with customer satisfaction, tests across answer levels by segmentTable
SegmentEngagementsWelch FdfpHolm pOmega squared90% CI
Study set940.783, 47.90.5101.000−0.0040.000 to 0.076
Outsourcing model
CXMIdentity, the segment is this indicator
ITOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
BPOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
KPOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
Institution type
Asset managementFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Wealth management and private bankingFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Investment banking (advisory and capital-markets origination)Fewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Insurance (life, property and casualty, health)9‡
Commercial and business banking9‡
Payments and merchant acquiring (networks, acquiring, processing)Fewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Credit card and payments issuing7‡
Retail and consumer banking8‡
Markets and trading (sales and trading, global markets)8‡
Private equity and private capital7‡
Process family
Corporate and back-office functionsFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Technology engineering and operationsFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Client servicing and communications7‡
Trade, settlement and reconciliation7‡
Payments, cards and disputesFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Credit, underwriting and suitability8‡
Regulatory, audit, tax and legal5‡
Financial crime and client onboarding4‡
Class of work
LOB Operational391.862, 21.50.1790.5970.0630.000 to 0.255
Corporate Functional322.211, 25.10.1490.5970.0400.000 to 0.241
Engagement status and lifecycle stage
Active, Build-OutFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Active, Transition/Cut-Over350.612, 20.90.5511.000−0.0250.000 to 0.140
Active, ProductionFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Canceledno clean estimate, canceled engagements fall outside the active population
Note: ‡ Base under 10. No statistic is reported.

The measure in the study set did not differ across answer levels (Welch F 0.78, p 0.510, n = 94 engagements). The clean estimate ran inside active engagements only.

Association with the Engagement Indicator Mean

The mean of an engagement’s 100 indicator ratings, measured at engagement level (base 150 engagements). Where this indicator is one of the 100, the mean is recomputed without it.

The measure by the engagement’s recorded answer.

Table 11. Association with the engagement indicator mean by answer levelTable
Answer levelEngagementsMean of the measureSD
CXM424.21.6
ITO404.11.3
BPO373.71.3
KPO314.01.6

The test across answer levels, in the study set and inside each segment. Levels under 10 engagements were left out of each test.

Table 12. Association with the engagement indicator mean, tests across answer levels by segmentTable
SegmentEngagementsWelch FdfpHolm pOmega squared90% CI
Study set1500.903, 78.20.4441.000−0.0030.000 to 0.049
Outsourcing model
CXMIdentity, the segment is this indicator
ITOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
BPOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
KPOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
Institution type
Asset managementFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Wealth management and private bankingFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Investment banking (advisory and capital-markets origination)Fewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Insurance (life, property and casualty, health)Fewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Commercial and business bankingFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Payments and merchant acquiring (networks, acquiring, processing)Fewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Credit card and payments issuingFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Retail and consumer bankingFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Markets and trading (sales and trading, global markets)Fewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Private equity and private capital9‡
Process family
Corporate and back-office functions470.352, 27.80.7111.000−0.0290.000 to 0.082
Technology engineering and operationsFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Client servicing and communicationsFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Trade, settlement and reconciliationFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Payments, cards and disputesFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Credit, underwriting and suitability9‡
Regulatory, audit, tax and legal9‡
Financial crime and client onboarding7‡
Class of work
LOB Operational760.783, 38.00.5111.0000.0010.000 to 0.104
Corporate Functional740.513, 31.70.6811.000−0.0240.000 to 0.056
Engagement status and lifecycle stage
Active, Build-OutFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Active, Transition/Cut-Over351.862, 21.10.1800.8980.0550.000 to 0.260
Active, ProductionFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Canceled562.533, 28.00.0780.4660.0550.000 to 0.211
Note: ‡ Base under 10. No statistic is reported.

The measure in the study set did not differ across answer levels (Welch F 0.90, p 0.444, n = 150 engagements).

Association with Intent to Leave

The respondent’s stated likelihood of leaving the current job within 12 months, rated 1 to 10 (C019). Measured at respondent level on up to 798 respondents, with the engagement-level form reported alongside.

The measure by the engagement’s recorded answer.

Table 13. Association with intent to leave by answer levelTable
Answer levelEngagementsMean of the measureSD
CXM426.52.5
ITO407.12.2
BPO376.72.6
KPO316.82.4

The test across answer levels, in the study set and inside each segment. Levels under 10 engagements were left out of each test.

Table 14. Association with intent to leave, tests across answer levels by segmentTable
SegmentEngagementsWelch FdfpHolm pOmega squared90% CI
Study set1500.473, 78.90.7031.000−0.0110.000 to 0.029
Outsourcing model
CXMIdentity, the segment is this indicator
ITOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
BPOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
KPOIdentity, the segment is this indicator
Institution type
Asset managementFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Wealth management and private bankingFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Investment banking (advisory and capital-markets origination)Fewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Insurance (life, property and casualty, health)Fewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Commercial and business bankingFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Payments and merchant acquiring (networks, acquiring, processing)Fewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Credit card and payments issuingFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Retail and consumer bankingFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Markets and trading (sales and trading, global markets)Fewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Private equity and private capital9‡
Process family
Corporate and back-office functions470.052, 26.90.9531.000−0.0420.000 to 0.000
Technology engineering and operationsFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Client servicing and communicationsFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Trade, settlement and reconciliationFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Payments, cards and disputesFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Credit, underwriting and suitability9‡
Regulatory, audit, tax and legal9‡
Financial crime and client onboarding7‡
Class of work
LOB Operational763.233, 39.30.0330.1630.0550.000 to 0.181
Corporate Functional740.293, 31.60.8351.000−0.0290.000 to 0.040
Engagement status and lifecycle stage
Active, Build-OutFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Active, Transition/Cut-Over353.852, 19.50.0390.1630.1130.000 to 0.324
Active, ProductionFewer than two answer levels with at least 10 engagements
Canceled563.683, 28.40.0230.1410.0850.000 to 0.246
Note: ‡ Base under 10. No statistic is reported.

The measure in the study set did not differ across answer levels (Welch F 0.47, p 0.703, n = 150 engagements).

Comparison of Associations Across the Four Measures

Table 15. Associations across the four measuresTable
MeasureEffect sizenValuepEquivalent to zeroRank among the four
Cancellation rateOmega squared, 0 or 1 flag150−0.0200.994Yes4
Customer satisfactionOmega squared94−0.0040.510Yes2
Engagement indicator meanOmega squared150−0.0030.444Yes1
Intent to leaveOmega squared150−0.0110.703Yes3

Steiger’s z compares two correlations, and a categorical answer yields an effect size across levels rather than a correlation, so the pairs are not tested.

Clustering and Effective Sample Size

Not applicable. The field was recorded once per engagement, so every respondent in an engagement shared one value.

Equivalence Tests of Null Results

Table 16. Equivalence tests of null resultsTable
MeasurenOmega squaredEquivalence boundEquivalence pEquivalent to zeroAchieved powerMDE at power 0.80
Cancellation rate150−0.020Omega squared < 0.090< 0.001Yes0.910.069
Customer satisfaction94−0.004Omega squared < 0.0900.029Yes0.710.108
Engagement indicator mean150−0.003Omega squared < 0.0900.004Yes0.910.069
Intent to leave150−0.011Omega squared < 0.090< 0.001Yes0.910.069

The bound is the ruled |r| < 0.30 expressed as variance explained (V15-R22). Equivalent to zero: cancellation rate, customer satisfaction, engagement indicator mean and intent to leave.

Robustness Checks

Table 17. Robustness checksTable
CheckMeasurePrimary pCheck pCheck statisticConclusion holds
Kruskal-Wallis in place of Welch FCustomer satisfaction0.5100.5272.22Yes
Kruskal-Wallis in place of Welch FEngagement indicator mean0.4440.5022.36Yes
Kruskal-Wallis in place of Welch FIntent to leave0.7030.8970.60Yes
Active engagements onlyEngagement indicator mean0.4440.3741.06Yes
Active engagements onlyIntent to leave0.7030.1701.75Yes

Every check held. A check holds when its test lands on the same side of 0.05 as the primary test.

Measure Independence and Part-Whole Correction

Each of the four measures was computed from data this indicator does not contain, so each result is a finding rather than an arithmetic consequence.

Comparison with the Study Norm

Not applicable. A categorical field has no signed correlation, so it has no profile. Its per-level means carry the comparison.

Co-Occurring Indicators and Themes

Figure 3. Other indicators and themes coded in the same written responses (n = 1 response)Exhibit
C1221 of 1C1251 of 1C1311 of 1Theme: Human presented as agentic1 of 1
Note: Gray bars are other indicators coded in the same responses. Amber bars are themes of the coding rulebook, which carry no score. Labels give counts. Every co-coded indicator and every theme at or above the fifth-highest count of its kind is shown, ties included. C032, the twin of the indicator under rule 6.6 of the coding rulebook, records the same fact and is not shown (coded in the single response). C122: “Rate your employer’s current supply of qualified agentic AI talent against what its engagements need.” C125: “Rate how well your employer’s training programs build financial industry knowledge.” C131: “Rate the depth of your employer’s knowledge of agentic AI.”

The indicator’s twin, C032, records the same fact under the coding rulebook’s twin rule. The twin was coded in the single response coded to the indicator. The twin is left out of the counts that follow. The response coded to the indicator was also coded to “Rate your employer’s current supply of qualified agentic AI talent against what its engagements need” (C122, 1 response), “Rate how well your employer’s training programs build financial industry knowledge” (C125, 1 response) and “Rate the depth of your employer’s knowledge of agentic AI” (C131, 1 response). The theme “Human presented as agentic” of the coding rulebook was the only theme in the same response.

Interpretation of the Data

Outsourcing type showed no tested association with any of the four study measures. That result held under every robustness check run on this field (5 of 5 checks).

The indicator is an engagement field, so the written responses were not set against a rating. Written responses were voluntary. They recorded what the respondents who wrote reported, and how common it was is measured by the recorded values. The analysis of the written responses rested on 1 response, a base of anecdote strength.

Limitations

The evidence is reported experience: what the delivery team said about its own engagement, gathered in one cross-section. The figures showed associations, not causes. Indicators about the financial institution were reported at second hand by vendor staff. Cancellation is a descriptive contrast, because canceled engagements were rated after they ended.

No limit applied beyond the standing limits of this block.

Fewer than 10 responses carried a score, so written sentiment was reported as counts, with no statistic. Coding was performed by AI coders under a fixed rulebook. No response coded to the indicator fell in the sample second-coded under rulebook 0.5, so agreement on whether a response was coded to the indicator could not be assessed. No response coded to the indicator was second-scored under rulebook 0.6, so agreement on the score could not be assessed.

Definitions

Table 18. DefinitionsTable
TermDefinition
Response scaleAs recorded, shown in Table 1. The indicator is not a rating, so no distressed range is defined.
Answering baseThe engagements on which the value is recorded.
Non-answersNone. The value is recorded for every engagement.
Indicator classEngagement attribute: a property of the engagement rather than of the respondent.
Failure categoryOne of the five failure categories of the Study Taxonomy, section 3. Only the 100 rated indicators carry one, and the indicator is not among them.
Engagement indicator meanThe mean of an engagement’s 100 indicator ratings.
Written responseA coded written answer about the respondent’s own engagement. Non-answers and answers about another engagement are excluded.
Primary and secondaryThe indicator is an engagement field with no survey section of its own. Every written response coded to it therefore answered a question in a survey section and was counted as a secondary response, coded to the indicator because its content addressed it.
Written sentiment scaleFive fixed values of the coding rulebook: −10, −5, 0, +5, +10. The sign is the direction and the magnitude is the strength.
CodingResponses were coded under rulebook 0.5. Scores were added under rulebook 0.6 to every mark and every quote, with the score rulings of rulebook section 21. AI coders worked under a fixed rulebook. A sample of records was second-coded. Score agreement across all indicators was Krippendorff’s alpha 0.969 on the 0.5 scores and 0.930 on the scores added in 0.6.

Sources and Provenance

Table 19. Sources and provenanceTable
ItemValue
Study dataStudy Data.xlsx, Engagements sheet, sha256 219eba0457274d04
Statistics enginecompute_statistics.py, sha256 738319eef764602b
Statistics recordComputed Statistics.json, record ENG:Outsourcing Type, sha256 e405f65a43e37a6e
ComputedOctober 8, 2026, 01:38 UTC
TemplateIndicator Statistical Analysis Template, version 1.1 of 2026-10-06
Figures placed by script566 of 566
Study metadataStudy Meta.md, sections 10.4 and 10.4.1, coder agreement across all indicators
Coded written responsesQuotes Master.jsonl, sha256 27da38085e2b13fd. Quote Coding Rulebook, version 0.6 with section 21
Written-response computationqa_stats.py, sha256 74a61f3a96169da9. wfacts.py, sha256 b85fae20adf812a1. prose_gen.py, sha256 c277d2c752f8d88f. build_indicator.py, sha256 da3473bd56a4a7b9
Written-response recordsENG_Outsourcing_Type.qa.json, sha256 aae6c9e9c802ad61. ENG_Outsourcing_Type.wfacts.json, sha256 9104db3a300899fa. Prose ENG_Outsourcing_Type.json, sha256 79e7a5f564d4d6f5

Continue the report

Executive summary →
Overview

Executive Summary

Four findings from 150 engagements

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Introduction

Introduction

Scope, evidence, and how the report is organized

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Part 1

Engagement Outcomes

Poor results on every measure, and what separates them

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Part 2

The Five Failure Categories

Where failure concentrates, category by category

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Part 3

Governance, Oversight, and Control

Controls that existed in name only

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Part 4

The Delivery Workforce

Early in their careers, dissatisfied, and many intending to leave

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Part 5

Manual Alteration

How the delivery team altered the work to sustain it

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Part 6

Executive Action Plan

Seven immediate actions and a first-year plan

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Appendices

Appendices

Definitions, indicator inventory, method, and disclosures

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Data

Study Data

Deep-dive analyses of the study indicators, published in stages

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